Hydrologic Cycle

Perhaps the most important natural phenomenon on Earth, the hydrologic cycle describes the constant movement and endless recycling of water between the atmosphere, land surface, and under the ground. The hydrologic cycle supplies the force needed for most natural processes, thus supporting life itself.

Learn more about the hydrologic cycle at the Groundwater Foundation site: https://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/basics/hydrocycle.html

The water in the hydrologic cycle is stored in any of the following reservoirs: the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils, glaciers, snowfields, and under the Earth’s surface as groundwater.

Water vapor is transported by wind and air currents through the atmosphere. When the air cools, the water vapor condenses in the clouds and falls to the Earth in four fashions: rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

When it hits the ground, water can take many paths back to the atmosphere. It can be absorbed by plants; stored on the surface in a lake, river, stream, or ocean; evaporated due to the sun; absorbed into the soil temporarily; or pulled by gravity through the soil to be stored for years as groundwater.

Some of the water in the ground can return to the surface as supply water in lakes and rivers. Water on the ground surface can rejoin the atmosphere through evaporation. The water used by plants can go back to the atmosphere through a process known as transpiration. Transpiration takes place when water passes through the leaves of plants. Evaporation and transpiration—known collectively as evapotranspiration—occur during times of dry air, sunshine, or high temperatures and wind.

Water is always moving. The movement is driven by the energy of the sun and the force of gravity.

While they are major changes for people, droughts and floods are defined as small changes in the quantities of water located in the various segments of the cycle.

The amount of water is always changing, often due to the season of the year. For example, spring rains, dry summers, and winter snow storms all affect the amount of water in a segment of the cycle.

Do all of the droughts taking place in the United States and around the world mean that there is not much water left on the Earth?

The amount of water on Earth has essentially never changed. It is continuously being recycled and moving from one place—or reservoir—to another. An observation made in recent years is that enhanced pumping of groundwater globally has resulted in a net transfer of water from groundwater storage to the ocean, although presumably, this can be returned to freshwater storage by way of evaporation and precipitation.

While the amount of water in certain places fluctuates, the hydrologic cycle provides a reliable supply of water by annually replenishing or recharging surface and groundwater sources. Water levels will go down at times when evaporation, transpiration, and human needs exceed precipitation. However, in many aquifer settings typical of North America, that depletion is offset when replenishment such as rain and snow exceeds removal. However, experience in the US and globally show that sedimentary aquifers can be permanently damaged by overdrafting, and also that some aquifers may be providing “fossil” water deposited during wetter times that cannot be recharged naturally under current hydrologic conditions. Some aquifers are therefore being “mined”. A prominent example globally is the Disi sandstone aquifer supplying Saudi Arabia and Jordan, which receives no meaningful recharge.

To provide a reliable water source for all of your family’s needs, you should invest in a properly designed well system with a supply tank for adequate storage during dry times. A professional water well contractor can help make sure you have the proper amount of water storage. Well owners in groundwater settings vulnerable to depletion should advocate for and support efforts to conserve groundwater, and to limit water transfer out of the aquifer setting.

Groundwater Basics

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